AL 9700 Biology P2 Topical | 2016-2023 | Iram Habib Malik

CONTENT TOPICAL PAPER 2

1 Cell Structure

1.1: The microscope in cell studies 6

1.2: Cells as the basic units of living organisms 14

2 Biological Molecules

2.2: Carbohydrates and lipids 66

2.3: Proteins 89

2.4: Water 99

3 Enzymes

3.1: Mode of action of enzymes 116

3.2: Factors that affect enzyme action 121

4 Cell Membranes and Transport

4.1: Fluid mosaic membranes 206

4.2: Movement into and out of cells 219

5 The Mitotic Cell Cycle

5.1: Replication and division of nuclei and cells 244

5.2: Chromosome behaviour in mitosis 250

6 Nucleic Acid and Protein Synthesis

6.1: Structure of nucleic acids and replication of DNA 314

6.2: Protein synthesis 334

7 Transport in Plants

7.1: Structure of transport tissues 370

7.2: Transport mechanisms 385

8 Transport in Mammals

8.1: The circulatory system 488

8.2: Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide 516

8.3 The heart 540

9 Gas Exchange

9.1: The gas exchange system 606

10 Infection Diseases

10.1: Infectious diseases 648

10.2: Antibiotics 719

11 Immunity

11.1: The immune system 758

11.2: Antibodies and vaccination 775

Feb 2022 Paper 830